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Home designtransportation >>aerospace
nasa is sending elon musk and jeff bezos to the moon.

nasa is sending elon musk and jeff bezos to the moon.

Apr 30, 2020

above > blue origin’s lunar lander blue moon / (jonathan newton/the washington post)

with the u.s economy tanking amid the covid-19 pandemic nasa plans on leaving planet earth and shoot for the moon.

1972 was the last time last we visited the moon via the apollo moon mission. almosst 50 years later nasa has selected blue origin, dynetics and spacex to move forward with development of human-rated lunar landers, committing nearly $1 billion in funding for a range of moonship concepts that include a variant of spacex’s next-generation starship vehicle.

“these are three companies that we believe have a lot of capability that are going to enable us to get to the moon,” said nasa administrator jim bridenstine. “each one of them is very different. they have all proposed something very different and unique, which has a lot of value to us.”

above > artist’s illustration of blue origin’s lunar lander with an ascent stage, and astronauts on the lunar surface. credit: blue origin

nasa said blue origin’s contract is valued at $579 million, and dynetics will receive $253 million for the 10-month contract base period. that money covers just the first phase of a multi-year lunar lander development effort that nasa predicts could cost $18.4 billion through the end of 2024.

each commercial lander contractor team is expected to provide private funding to support lunar lander design and development.

the $135 million contract with spacex marks the most significant government investment to date in spacex’s starship system, but blue origin and dynetics won larger lunar lander contracts from nasa.

“looking at the different contractors, each one of them is very different,” bridenstine said. “some of them are likely to be more interested in going fast, others are more likely interested in creating the breakthrough technologies that are going to drive down cost and increase access.”

the development of a commercial human-rated lunar lander is expected to drive nasa’s schedule for returning astronauts to the moon.

the program, named artemis, includes the space launch system heavy-lift rocket and orion crew capsule, and a mini-space station named the gateway to be assembled in a distant, elliptical orbit around the moon.

“we’ve selected the best of industry’s ideas to team with nasa,” said doug loverro, associate administrator of nasa’s human exploration and operations mission directorate. “this is really the last piece of the puzzle to go ahead and get us back to the moon. we’ve got all the other pieces in work already, and this is the last big piece. we are ready to move forward on this.

the three contractor teams will continue refining their human landing system (hls) concepts for the next 10 months before a “continuity review” next february. at that time, nasa could down-select to two hls contractors, and pick one for the artemis program’s first crewed lunar landing mission — known as artemis 3 — before the end of 2024.

a key to nasa’s vision for a “sustainable” crew presence on or near the moon is the gateway station. nasa officials originally hoped the gateway would be in position near the moon in time for the artemis 3 mission in 2024, allowing elements of the lunar lander to be assembled, or aggregated, at the gateway before the arrival of astronauts on an orion crew capsule.

above > artist’s concept of the gateway mini-space station near the moon, showing an orion spacecraft just before docking. credit: nasa

“when we think about a sustainable presence at the moon, we absolutely need a gateway,” bridenstine said. “the gateway gives us the ability to reuse landers, over and over again, which drives down cost and it increases access. the gateway gives us access to different orbits around the moon, so we can get to the north pole, the south pole, the equatorial regions, and everything in between.

“the gateway is also transformable,” bridenstine said. “we can use it eventually for our ship to mars. the gateway gives us the opportunity to do science, and it gives us a lot of credibility with our international partners, who are very interested in helping us build out the gateway. i just want to emphasize … we are 100 percent committed to the gateway.”

“it is also true that we’re 100 percent committed to getting to the moon as fast as possible,” bridenstine said. “so anything that is not necessary, we intend to remove from that path for speed. so the first moon landing, we’re intending not to use the gateway. we’re intending to basically take an orion crew capsule and dock it to a human landing system that will be in orbit around the moon, and then go down to the surface of the moon.

“that means that we will not have the gateway in place for the first landing on the surface of the moon,” he said. “the second time when we land humans on the moon, we absolutely want to have the gateway in the mix because we need to land on the moon by 2024, and we need to have a sustainable presence by 2028.”

dynetics has released little information about its proposed lunar lander, which would be developed in partnership with sierra nevada corp.

the dynetics human landing system would launch as a single structure providing ascent and descent capabilities, according to nasa. it would lift off from earth on ula’s vulcan rocket.

based in alabama, dynetics released an artist’s illustration of its human-rated lander in january that appears to show a large pressurized compartment, two large propellant tanks and power-generating solar panels extending vertically from spacecraft on the lunar surface.

above > artist’s concept of the dynetics proposal for a human landing system. credit: dynetics

“spacex proposed the starship,” bridenstine said. “it’s obviously a very different solution set than any of the others. but it also could be absolutely game-changing. so we don’t want to discount it. we want to move forward. if they can have success, we want to enjoy that success with them.”

spacex’s reusable starship will launch on top of a giant booster named the super heavy. the starship vehicle, which serves as the upper stage on top of the super heavy booster, is designed to be refueled in space, enabling it to carry people and cargo to the moon, mars and other solar system destinations.

“utilizing parking orbit refueling, starship is able to deliver unprecedented payload mass to a variety of earth, cislunar, and interplanetary trajectories,” spacex wrote in a starship user’s guide.

above > artist’s concept of spacex’s starship on the lunar surface. credit: spacex

by itself, the starship vehicle will stand around 160 feet (50 meters) tall with a diameter of roughly 30 feet (9 meters), dwarfing the other human-rated lunar lander concepts. it will land and take off vertically, powered by raptor engines each capable of generating nearly a half-million pounds of thrust at full power.

last year, spacex signed an agreement with nasa to use the starship to potentially carry robotic rovers, science experiments and other cargo to the moon’s surface. now it could carry people.

while the starship is designed as an all-purpose vehicle — capable of deploying satellites, science probes and crews — it would launch from earth without a crew for nasa’s artemis missions.

[ full story spaceflight now ]

united airlines ala 2019 takes a good photo and a little getting used to.

united airlines ala 2019 takes a good photo and a little getting used to.

Apr 24, 2019

is the united airlines new look bad? no. is it great? no to that too. it’s one of those happenings that’s not good enough to wow you at first glance that’s for certain. then you get used to it.

the oversize logotype reminds us of jetblue and may not work well on the smaller aircraft. the tired continental airlines globe, a sluggish choice, never rose to the rarified air of george gershwin‘s lofty rhapsody in blue anyway.

come to think of it haven’t heard a united advert for some time.

volocopter 2x: the first autonomous all-electric passenger-carrying drone debuts in usa at ces18.

volocopter 2x: the first autonomous all-electric passenger-carrying drone debuts in usa at ces18.

Jan 12, 2018

volocopter debuts in u.s.a. at ces18 as the first autonomous all-electric passenger-carrying drone. the drone’s at-a-glance timeline is volocopter’s first manned flight occurred in 2011 and at ces it’s announced the finished product should be available in five years / 2023. because intel is now on board the prototype is labeled a flying supercomputer. the videos may raise more questions than answers.

below > the story

below > the scary

below > the scarier

virgin hyperloop sets a new speed record.

virgin hyperloop sets a new speed record.

Dec 20, 2017

the ability to maintain a vacuum in the tube, especially one hundreds of miles long, is one of the steepest challenges facing the hyperloop. every time a pod arrives at a station, it has to decelerate and stop.

two days after hyperloop-one sets a new speed record(*) of 240 mile per hour record company announces it has raised $50 million and richard branson is coming aboard as chairman.

the test took place at its development track in the nevada desert, north of las vegas. a 28-foot-long pod does this inside a 1,600-foot-long concrete test tube where air pressure is reduced to 200,000 feet above sea level. what’s new is magnetic levitation where the pod hovers above the test track to reduce friction.

the ability to maintain a vacuum in the tube, especially one hundreds of miles long, is one of the steepest challenges facing the hyperloop. every time a pod arrives at a station, it has to decelerate and stop. then the airlock will have to close, pressurize, and open again. then the pod has to clear the airlock before the next pod arrives. the speed in which this occurs will determine the distance between pods.

musk pitched an idea in 2013 for a massive vacuum tube that could whisk passengers in pressurized cabins from new york to los angeles in 45 minutes. he’s getting closer. musk is also working on a tunnel digging concept with the boring company. richard branson also runs spacex both musk and branson working together, innovative electric cars, space travel, and transportation, is scary in a very good way. fingers crossed.

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video courtesy of virgin

(*) not sure in what category. my benchmark is craig breedlove going 555.485 miles per hour in 1965 driving spirt of america.

spacex news: the first launch of a recycled rocket and capsule.

spacex news: the first launch of a recycled rocket and capsule.

Dec 17, 2017

above > spacex dragon capsule

reusability is the futurefor spaceflight, says nasa space program manager.

a used spacex dragon cargo ship arrived at nasa international space station for the second time sunday 17 december, delivering more than two
tons of nasa supplies just in time for christmas. the rocket was a reused falcon 9.

[ space.com ]

first electric vtol jet plane completes maiden voyage.

first electric vtol jet plane completes maiden voyage.

Apr 20, 2017

world’s first electric vtol ( a vertical take-off and landing ) jet passes maiden voyage with flying colors.

[ facts ]
power > jet
number of passengers > 5
number of engines > 36
range > up to 186 miles / 300 km
cruising velocity > 186 miles/h / 300 km/h
wing-span: 32.8 ft / 10 m
concept > canard with powered lift
take-off and landing > vertically

lilium aims at liberating towns and cities from today’s congestion and pollution, with people able to come and go freely, vastly expanding the radius of their everyday lives.

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[ official press release ] munich, 20 april 2017: lilium jet, the first zero-emission electric plane capable of vertical take-off and landing (vtol), has completed a series of rigorous flight tests in the skies above germany. the two-seater prototype executed a range of complex maneuvers, including its signature mid-air transition from hover mode to wing-borne forward flight.

lilium is now developing a larger, five-seater version of the jet, designed for on-demand air taxi and ridesharing services.

celebrating the landmark moment, lilium co-founder and ceo daniel wiegand said: “seeing the lilium jet take to the sky and performing sophisticated maneuvers with apparent ease is testament to the skill and perseverance of our amazing team. we have solved some of the toughest engineering challenges in aviation to get to this point.

“the successful test flight programme shows that our ground-breaking technical design works exactly as we envisioned. we can now turn our focus to designing the five seater production aircraft.” the lilium jet is 100% electrically powered, so creates no harmful emissions, making it a potential solution to deteriorating air quality in towns and cities, caused by road traffic.it is also the only electric aircraft capable of both vtol and jet-powered flight, using its wings for lift, similar to a conventional airplane.

this advanced capability consumes around 90% less energy than drone-style aircraft, enabling the lilium jet to achieve a range of more than 300 km with a maximum cruising speed of 300 km/h. in flight, the jet’s power consumption per km will be comparable to an electric car. take-off and landing for a lilium jet only requires a small open space or landing pad on a building – alleviating pressure on congested roads. the combination of energy efficient flight and minimal ground infrastructure will enable passenger flights with comparable pricing to normal car taxis over the same distance.

a typical journey by lilium jet will be at least 5x faster than by car, with even greater efficiencies in busy cities. for example, a flight from manhattan to new york’s jfk airport will take around 5 minutes, compared to 55 minutes driving. the ability of the lilium jet to travel long distances, quickly and at low cost will also open new opportunities for people to live further away from their place of work. lilium describes this phenomenon as increasing the radius of living by 5x.

[ how the lilium jet works ] the lilium jet is a lightweight aircraft powered by 36 electric jet engines mounted to its wings via 12 moveable flaps. it is unique in combining the benefits of vtol offered by helicopters and drones, with the speed and range of a jet aircraft.

at take-off, the lilium jet’s flaps are pointed downwards to provide vertical lift. once airborne, the flaps gradually tilt into a horizontal position, providing forward thrust. when the wing flaps are horizontal, all of the lift required to keep the lilium jet in the air is provided by air passing over the wings – as with a conventional airplane.

safety is of primary concern of lilium, and the jet is designed along the principle of ultra redundancy: the aircraft’s engines are individually shielded, so the failure of a single unit cannot affect adjacent engines. the lilium jet’s power cells are designed to continue delivering sufficient power for continued flight and a safe landing in the unlikely event that part of the battery configuration fails. lilium’s flight envelope protection system prevents the pilot from performing maneuvers that would take the aircraft beyond safe flight parameters.

[ about lilium ] lilium was founded in 2015 by daniel wiegand and three fellow-academics from the technical university of munich. the group shared a vision of a completely new type of transportation. in less than two years,

lilium has grown from the founding team to a company of more than 40 world-class engineers, developing and building the first fully electric vertical take-off and landing (vtol) jet.

with an estimated range of 300 km, a maximum cruising speed of 300 km/h, and zero emissions, the lilium jet will be the most efficient and environmentally friendly means of high speed transportation. with ultra-redundancy by design, the lilium jet is also setting new standards in aircraft safety.

two revolutionary new business jets: the gulfstream g500 & g600.

two revolutionary new business jets: the gulfstream g500 & g600.

Dec 18, 2016

above> video courtesy of gulfstream

this summer DesignApplause was invited to checkout the new business jet gulfstream g500 & g600 at midway airport in chicago. the visit proved very interesting as these new aircraft introduce several industry and in-their-class firsts. here are highlights of our visit. (note: this article was updated 18 december 2016)


above> published on october 2014 / gulfstream unveils the new g500 and g600 jets: a fully-built prototype of the g500 and a cabin mockup for the larger g600 in an event at its savannah headquarters / video courtesy of aintv

[ design ]
gulfstream started with a clean sheet on these planes with boundless possibilities to explore. both models have a four circular arcs cross-section fuselage. the g600 at 96 feet 1 in / 29.29 m is 5 ft / 1.5 m longer than the g500 though the interior difference is only 3.5 ft / 1.1 m. the range of the g600 is 6,200 nm vs 5,000 nm. both aircraft have 14 iconic panoramic windows. both accommodate 2 pilots and 18 passengers.

the wing is a supercritical design with a 0.87 to 0.88 drag divergence mach number depending upon lift coefficient. it’s based on the g650’s wing design with the same 36° sweep. the g600 wing will be 8 feet (2.4 m) wider than the g500, allowing for 10,000 pounds (4,500 kg) of additional fuel. both models have a new tail design based on the aerodynamic shape and systems of the g650’s tail. the wings are designed and manufactured by gulfstream.

the airframe is primarily composed of high-strength aluminum alloys with limited use of steel and titanium alloys. the horizontal stabilizer, fairings, main landing gear doors, rudder and elevators, radome, rear pressure bulkhead and winglets are composite materials. the semi-monocoque fuselage structure is made of stressed skin, frame and longeron.


above> published on august 2016 / gulfstream’s director of interior design, tray crow shows some of the design changes to the g600 cabin mockup / video courtesy of aintv

[ interior ]
the cabin’s elements are modular and easily custom configured: the g500 has three flexible areas, the g600 four. the classic aesthetic is the norm but gulfstream invites buyers to test gulfstream’s design department for a more custom look. both models feature a width of 7 feet 11 inches/2.41 meters and a height of 6 feet 4 inches/1.93 meters.

the aircraft have forward and aft lavatories and a full-size galley that can be located either forward or aft. the galley features a steam oven as an option, an interchangeable beverage maker and a refrigerator that can be placed above or below the counter, depending on the desire for storage or counter space. customizable flooring options like stone and wood can be selected for the entry, galley and lavatories.

the cabin environment influences the travel experience while airborne and upon arrival. the large iconic gulfstream panoramic windows provide captivating views and bathe the cabin in natural light. only 100 percent fresh air, replenished every two minutes, fills the cabin.

gulfstream acousticians engineered the interior to be quiet enough for passengers to converse in normal tones even while in flight. the interior is pressurized to no more than 4,850 feet above sea level/1,478 meters, even at a maximum altitude of 51,000 feet/15,545 meters. commercial cabin pressure is typically 8,000 feet/2438.4 meters though newer planes made of composites are pressurized at 6,000 feet/1828.8 meters. commercial higher interior altitude pressure is the cause of swelling of the feet among other discomforts.

by contrast, the g500 & g600 combination of clean, replenished air and a low interior altitude helps reduce the effects of jet lag so passengers arrive feeling more refreshed and alert.

below> what it takes to design the interior for an all-new family of aircraft / video courtesy of gulfstream


[ engines ]
the g500/g600 will be powered by the pratt & whitney canada pw800 which was originally conceived for the cessna citation columbus program. the pw800 is based on the pratt & whitney geared turbofan core without the gear reduction. the departure from rolls-royce aero engines is a first for gulfstream. the pw800 features class-leading fuel efficiency and low noise and emissions.

[ systems ]
electric and hydraulic systems are from the g650, as the digital air data computers, secondary power distribution with electronics, cabin acoustical treatment, primary avionics, satcom, improved cabin management system and digital fly-by-wire system. the oxygen, cabin pressurization, landing gear control, aircraft health and trend monitoring systems are adapted from the g650. the auxiliary power unit is a honeywell htg400g.

above> published on october 2014 / aviation week’s fred george takes a look at the new features being introduced in the cockpit while guy norris discusses the pratt & whitney pw800 engine / video courtesy of aviation week

[ flight deck ]
here’s where things get interesting. it is equipped with bae systems active sidesticks, appearing to be mechanically linked by being electrically back-driven, the first civil aircraft to be so. the honeywell symmetry flight deck achieves another flight deck breakthrough. as business aviation’s leading innovator, gulfstream debuts two revolutionary technologies in the all-new g500 and g600. the immersive, intelligent integration of the new flight systems enhances efficiency and further improves safety.

active control sidesticks replace the control columns, creating more space and better comfort for pilots. the sidesticks are digitally linked to provide the same response and control of a traditional pedestal-mounted yoke to ensure that both pilots see and feel every maneuver and control input the other pilot makes.

ten integrated touch screens eliminate the majority of flight deck switches to reduce workload and improve how pilots interact with onboard systems. using gulfstream’s immersive phase-of-flight™ intelligence, the touch screens display a structured task list and selection options needed for a specific phase of flight.

a next-generation enhanced vision system heightens pilot awareness in low visibility. an improved infrared sensor boosts resolution by 400 percent, and camera advancements provide a wider field of view. the evs is linked to a head-up display, allowing the pilot to view images on a transparent screen positioned in his or her field of vision. gulfstream is the first business aviation company to offer this third-generation evs, and it comes as standard equipment on the g500 and g600.

above> published on november 2015 / the g500 first flight test with experimental test pilot scott martin and his take on all-new ‘symmetry flight deck™’ / video courtesy of gulfstream

[ happenings update ]
17 December 2016 – g600 flew for the first time (below)
5 august 2016 – g500 first production test flight


above> the gulfstream g600 first flight-test program is progressing ahead of schedule / video courtesy of gulfstream

the g500 is slated to enter service in 2017 and the g600 in 2018.

new gulfstream g600 list price: $54.5 million usd
new gulfstream g550 list price: $61.5 million usd

solar impulse ready to resume first round-the-world solar flight from hawaii.

solar impulse ready to resume first round-the-world solar flight from hawaii.

Apr 14, 2016

above> maintenance flight of solar impulse 2 over hawaii 14 march 2016

swiss pioneers bertrand piccard and andré borschberg are ready to resume their attempt to achieve the first ever round-the-world solar flight with solar impulse 2 (si2) – the first solar airplane capable of flying day and night without using a drop of fuel. after replacing overheated batteries and running maintenance flights, the team is now re-entering “mission mode”, and as of tomorrow, will identify the first favorable window for bertrand piccard to fly toward north america, despite the current difficult weather conditions. the goal of this entire endeavor is to demonstrate how modern clean technologies can achieve the impossible.

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above & below> solar impulse 2 lands in hawaiisolarimpuse-hawaii-9

on 3 july 2015, si2 landed in hawaii after a record breaking flight of five days and nights (117 hours and 52 minutes) and around 8’900km from japan, accomplished by andré borschberg. during this flight, the airplane suffered battery damage due to overheating which led to an unforeseen pause in the adventure – it was going to take the team more time to replace the batteries than the remaining time left before the end of the season with long enough days, and short enough nights, to continue the round-the-world flight.

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above> solar impulse 2 undertakes a maintenance flight in hawaii / below> flight preparation planning in hawaii
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“as we experienced many times with solar impulse, obstacles often turn out to be opportunities for improvement,” explained andré borschberg, ceo and co-founder. “ultimately, this time was used to recreate the strong mindset within the team to continue our adventure. it takes sometimes more time to build up the right spirit then to develop new technologies.”

solar impulse was fortunate to find a shelter to protect the airplane during the winter on kalaeloa airport, thanks to the university of hawaii, the honolulu community college and the department of transportation, and received valuable support from many people and institutions, such as the governor of hawaii, the authorities of kalaeloa and honolulu airports, and the swiss consulate.

between late february and mid-april 2016, si2 accomplished a total of 13 flights. maintenance flights, carried out by solar impulse’s test pilot, confirmed the good performance of the aircraft and proper functioning of the newly integrated cooling system, installed to safeguard the batteries from temperature-related glitches. they were followed by a series of training flights completed by both pilots: andré borschberg and bertrand piccard, including a high altitude flight, in order to prepare for the remainder of the pacific crossing (watch the video here).

solarimpuse-hawaii-7bertrand piccard performs a training flight with solar impulse 2 in hawaii
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“an airplane with perpetual flight endurance, without fuel, like the solar impulse is not only a first in the history of aviation, but also in the history of energy,” emphasized bertrand piccard, initiator and chairman of the project. “the primary purpose of this adventure is to demonstrate that modern clean technologies can achieve the impossible and encourage everyone to use these same energy efficient solutions on the ground in their daily lives for mobility, construction, lighting, heating, cooling and more.”

when the weather is right, si2 will resume its round-the-world solar flight and take off for north america with bertrand piccard at the controls. the team is examining four potential destinations: phoenix, the san francisco area, los angeles and vancouver. based on the learnings of 2015, the decision was made to expand the range of potential destinations to leave a maximum flexibility for route planning. the final landing place will be chosen a couple of days before departure depending on the weather conditions. the mission will then continue onward to new york, europe or north africa and abu dhabi where it all started.

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solar impulse 2 undertakes a maintenance flight in hawaii
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above> the inflatable mobile hangar protects solar impulse 2 in nagoya, japan / below> solar impulse 2 rolled in its inflatable mobile hangar in nagoya
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below> solar impulse 2 takes-off from nagoya to hawaii
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[ solar impulse 2 details ] #solarimpulse

another drone and passenger plane near miss being investigated.

another drone and passenger plane near miss being investigated.

Dec 10, 2014

another drone and passenger plane near miss being investigated. this occurrence on 22 july close to heathrow.

near-collisions between drones, airliners surge says faa.

Nov 28, 2014

near-collisions between drones, airliners surge, says faa. most of the close calls occur during takeoffs and landings at the nation’s busiest airports. via washington post [RK]

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